The competitiveness of industry is reflected in cost performance. Performance is the degree of satisfaction that the product brings to customers. It considers the company's innovation ability and brand degree. Price is the degree of satisfaction within the scope of customers' purchasing power. It considers the manufacturing cost and management cost of the enterprise. In the past 30 years, the advantages of Chinese industry are reflected in manufacturing costs. In the future, improving industrial competitiveness requires starting from improving management levels, improving labor production efficiency, enhancing corporate innovation capabilities, and improving product performance and brand competitiveness. Manufacturing costs such as labor and raw materials are a natural endowment of a country. Management efficiency and innovation mechanisms require more scientific institutional arrangements.
Deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises' property rights and improving the modern enterprise system
The mixed economic model, with public ownership as the main body, has led to the "double failure" of markets and policies in China's industrial development. On the one hand, the behavior of state-owned enterprises is often not real corporate behavior, and they bear many non-operational social responsibilities However, due to the lack of attention to asset returns and the serious control of insiders in the enterprise, it has largely caused "market failure"; on the other hand, due to the cancellation of the original professional ministries and commissions, the guidance function of industry associations has weakened, and industry statistics are not accurate , Can not form an effective policy guidance, leading to the impact of professional government departments on enterprises can easily cause government "policy failure". Local governments that do not have market dynamics and global information have, to a large extent, dominated the investment behavior of enterprises.
At the same time, the mixed system has also led to an extremely uneven distribution of factor resources among enterprises in a unified market. Monopoly enterprises such as the military industry have relied on government subsidies for a long time, but they cannot occupy dozens of times of social benefits like U.S. military enterprises, resulting in a large amount of waste of resources. On the other hand, in competitive industries, the operating performance of state-owned enterprises Restricted by the SASAC and employee income, the income of state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in the same industry is very different, leading to the loss of a large number of state-owned enterprise managers and technical personnel or a new stove, resulting in repeated construction and staff turnover.
Facing the needs of transformation and upgrading, China's reality today is very embarrassing. On the one hand, the mixed operation of private and state-owned enterprises and the rapid economic growth have led to huge employee mobility. The average age of employees in large industrial enterprises is less than 30 years old. The network fast-selling model has a great impact, and the values do not match the long cycle and low return of traditional industries. Enterprises generally lack the motivation to research and develop traditional industries. On the other hand, emerging industries, especially innovative industries, require past experience. Challenges and the disruption of traditional economic models and technological routes. These innovations often perform more fully in free economic markets. Alibaba and Tencent have achieved challenges to traditional business models in the new economy. However, the heavy industry dominated by the state-owned system is difficult to form an innovative system that surpasses the developed countries. What's more serious is that, just as the “elite group” resistance formed when Latin American countries entered the middle income stage, some interest groups are becoming the resistance to innovation on China's transformation and upgrading. If it cannot break through the system, China may fall into the “middle income trap”.
Whether it is to reduce excessive competition, waste investment, or improve the ability of enterprises to innovate through institutional construction, it is necessary to further reform the state-owned enterprise property rights system. Only by further promoting the socialization of state-owned enterprises' equity and diminishing the state-owned holdings can we make the enterprise distribution system more market-oriented and reduce the excessive talent flow and resource overflow caused by income differences.
Due to the "national advancement and people retreat" over the past ten years, the cost of state-owned enterprise equity reform has greatly increased. It is difficult to find a recipient of the simple way to sell state-owned equity. Issuing stocks through the capital market not only dilutes state-owned equity, but also enables large enterprises. Cross-shareholdings between them will change the dominant structure of the original shareholders and establish a true corporate governance structure.
For state-owned monopoly industries, if the cost for private enterprises to purchase their shares is obviously too high, the more realistic approach is to break the monopoly and let private enterprises enter monopoly industries such as military, energy, power, and telecommunications to release the vitality of the market.
Transforming government functions and establishing a fair market environment
The industrial revolution established a capitalist large-scale production model, and technology greatly promoted the development of productive forces. However, under the perfect market competition, the periodic problems of the economy, moral issues, and environmental issues cannot be solved by the market itself. The government should effectively change its functions, reduce direct intervention in the economy, rationalize the price mechanism, and give play to the role of macro guidance and market supervision, including cultural construction, macro regulation and control, provision of public goods and services, supervision through the formulation of laws and rules, and maintenance of fairness and justice. Market Order.
1. Give full play to the function of macro-control
Under the pattern of world economic integration, the development of a country's industry must consider the relationship between its country's factor conditions and its surrounding markets, and coordinated development between industries and regions is a problem that the government's macro-sector must consider. The construction of China's industrial system has experienced four stages: industrial layout, third-tier construction, reform and opening up of the coastal economy, and industrial transfer after the financial crisis with the assistance of the former Soviet Union. Some local characteristic industries have been formed. During this period, local governments excessively pursued investment promotion, ignored natural resources and overall coordination, and the central government's macro-control functions were squeezed out.
In 1998, the central government abolished some specialized industrial sectors and weakened the government's guidance function on the industry. In the past, functional departments were reorganized into market-oriented industry associations. However, due to the reduction of state input, these associations' weakened research capabilities on the industry. Under the mixed economic system, there are many distortions in market information. Due to the different levels of mastery of local resources, the influence of industry and informatization departments on enterprises is also smaller than that of local governments, in fact creating a conflict between decentralized government guidance and a unified large market.
The central government should make full use of modern information resources, especially big data systems, strengthen the ability to predict macroeconomics and industries, implement the overall national budget, and regulate the socio-economic operations on the basis of a full understanding of the inter-industry and intra-industry ecology. This includes formulating socio-economic development strategies, formulating economic rules, adjusting industrial structure, and improving the market system. Implement reasonable monetary and fiscal policies in accordance with the economic situation to ensure a stable and balanced economic operation.
2. Establish a level playing field
The Chinese government has the right to allocate a large amount of resources. Rent-seeking and corruption are pervasive in a market economy. Under the mixed economic system, the allocation of resources between private enterprises and state-owned enterprises is unfair, and the allocation of factors is difficult to optimize, resulting in a large amount of waste of resources.
The government should effectively change its functions and reduce direct intervention in the economy to provide information services and an environment of fair competition instead of attracting investment; to strengthen supervision of laws and regulations and to maintain market order instead of participating in the formulation of business goals; establish it with a fair investment environment The market-oriented innovation mechanism of capital-industry docking replaces a single government subsidy; downplays the controlling position of large state-owned shareholders, restores the industrial autonomy and market-oriented property rights of industrial enterprises, urges enterprises to establish a truly modern enterprise system, and promotes the market-oriented distribution system .
3. Improve the legal system and establish norms and standards
The market is not omnipotent, and a country with an imperfect legal system will inevitably suffer from counterfeiting. At present, counterfeiting is not only pervasive in the field of commodities, but also in the fields of science and technology and corporate finance. The government holds a large amount of subsidy funds, and the implementation of China's economy is still accustomed to "decrees." Large-scale gray areas, weak government supervision of the market, and strong randomness of policies have caused a large number of product fraud, financial fraud, and technology fraud.
Creativity can be stimulated through the institutional construction of enterprises, but if innovation results are not protected, the innovation of enterprises lacks motivation. Due to unfavorable regulations and lax enforcement, patents are often not protected in China, leading to serious shortages of corporate innovation. The government must establish a more effective innovation environment for the healthy development and industrial upgrading of China's manufacturing industry, establish basic values and moral standards, improve the legal system, and effectively implement the intellectual property protection system.
4. Provision of social public services and social security systems
At present, a large number of industrial workers in industrial enterprises have not implemented their identity as employees, and employees generally lack a sense of security and belonging. This is also one of the important factors for the instability of manufacturing enterprises and the unstable quality of products. The government should supervise and improve the social security system and address the worries of employees.
The environmental confrontation brought by industrial development is a detour that developed countries have already taken. If China can learn the lessons of developed industrial countries, it can try to control the environmental pollution caused by industrial development. But unfortunately, the government's excessive pursuit of GDP has adopted a default attitude toward polluting enterprises, which has caused serious damage to China's current water and air quality, which has brought huge resource barriers and doubled the subsequent development. Governance costs. The government should hand over economic development to the enterprise itself, return to the government's own supervisory function, minimize future governance costs, and increase the cost of corporate illegality.
Vigorously develop the capital market and transfer innovation to the market and mechanisms
Defects in China's administrative system have led to a large number of rent-seeking and corruption, and are forming interest groups that hinder the fair development of the market and the resulting huge social waste. Studies have shown that Chinese people waste up to 200 billion yuan of food on the table every year, and the food that is thrown away is equivalent to more than 200 million people's rations a year. In fact, the investment waste caused by wrong decisions is even more alarming. If an entrepreneur embezzles 10 million, it is a very large amount of data, but an industrial enterprise's investment errors of several billions or even tens of billions of dollars are not investigated. In 2012, the total investment in China's industrial fixed assets reached 15.4636 trillion yuan, which also includes preferential land resources obtained by large enterprises and a large amount of land resources that have not yet formed capacity. At present, the actual utilization rate of China's heavy industry capacity is less than 70%, forming a large amount of investment. waste.
The Ministry of Science and Technology has a large amount of funding each year to encourage scientific and technological innovation, but companies or individuals apply and obtain funding to a large extent rely on government recommendations. There are a large number of patent applications each year, but the actual conversion into production applications is very large. small. In fact, the support for corporate innovation can fully refer to the practices of the United States. The government can invest scientific research funds in good-performing venture capital companies. Venture capital companies choose investment targets based on professional analysis and realize resources through the docking of the capital market and the real economy. Optimized allocation, reduce investment waste and reduce corruption.
The government must change this executive-commanded innovation mechanism, establish a more complete supervision system, vigorously develop venture capital funds, and hand over innovation to the market and mechanisms to prevent violations caused by capital for profit.
Reform the education system and promote the construction of industrial culture
The industrial development of any country is closely related to its cultural and educational foundation. Objectively speaking, the Chinese college entrance examination system is by far the most equitable talent selection system, and it has cultivated a large number of outstanding talents for China's industrial development. However, China's existing education system is obviously unable to meet the needs of China's industrial development.
First, China ’s basic education is severely divorced from actual needs. The training of students is based entirely on the college entrance examination model. The personality of young people is constrained by the education system, and long-term depression has stifled their creativity. Second, the entire education system is like the manufacturing industry in China's planned economy period. Regarding "production", regardless of market demand, ordinary college students have a severe surplus, while the skills operators trained through technical schools are seriously inadequate. Third, there are many comprehensive universities, and professional universities are seriously inadequate. Universities, like enterprises, have sacrificed specialization with a diversified model and a lot of redundant construction. Fourth, the scientific research mechanism system of universities and enterprises is not smooth. Universities in developed countries in Europe and the United States have established very good relations of cooperation with enterprises and government research departments, but the research of Chinese universities is still mainly based on academic thesis and professional title evaluation, and few projects can be implemented. Fifth, the traditional culture is cut off and the industrial spirit is lacking. The highest state of industrial products is brand value. Brands come from the quality of products, but also from the inheritance and accumulation of the corporate culture and industrial spirit of industrial enterprises. Since China's reform and opening up, it has studied the western market economy one-sidedly, abandoned Chinese traditional morals and values, and lacked an industrial spirit with cultural connotations.
At present, China urgently needs the reform of the education system, especially to accelerate the reform of basic education, establish market-oriented training plans and training mechanisms, and strengthen the building of talents in Chinese traditional and industrial culture; reform the college entrance examination system and cultivate students' comprehensive capabilities; The plan is to open a major with market demand in a targeted manner; to establish an industry-university-research interaction mechanism between colleges and universities, and to enable the industrialization of scientific research results in more laboratories.
People are the core of successful enterprises, and system is the key to successful people. In the industrial upgrading of Chinese industry, the human resources element will become a more important and critical factor. The Chinese industrial economic system dominated by state-owned enterprises has largely restricted human creativity. Industrial upgrading is first of all an upgrade of people, and the upgrade of people must be an upgrade of the system. Establishing an incentive mechanism that turns static labor into dynamic human resources in the past, and further releasing reform dividends, will become the driving force for China's continuous growth and innovation.
